PlantwisePlus Blog

A CABI-led study which compares male and female perceptions of access to and use of agricultural advisory services to help improve yields says women should take a lead role in helping to reduce inequalities which hinder their contribution to farming.

Julien Lamontagne-Godwin, lead author of a new paper, published open access in the Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, says a network of ‘trained and knowledge-rich female lead “contact” farmers’ could be trialled to understand its potential role in improving the dissemination of agricultural information to women in farm households.

Lamontagne-Godwin argues that the ‘development of gender-responsive approaches and targeted gender trainings could challenge the individual and institutional status quo of gender specific socio-cultural norms in Pakistan.’

He says this could be achieved by providing opportunities to gather evidence of successful implementation and its implications on improved knowledge, yields and incomes in rural areas.

The research, entitled ‘Identifying gender-responsive approaches in rural advisory services that contribute to the institutionalisation of gender in Pakistan’, goes onto suggest that ‘specific short-term gender-responsive schemes can help the unequal access to information to evolve, as well as how these changes can contribute to the wide institutionalisation of gender equality debate.’

Around the world, women make up 43 percent of the 1.5 billion agricultural workers but Lamontagne-Godwin states that the rise of the patriarchal agricultural revolution system has ‘created gender inequalities across a variety of professional and social spheres through national, religious and tribal socio-cultural contexts.’

“In Pakistan, women utilise less sources of information than men, focusing mainly on non-formal individual sources, such as female friends/neighbours,” Lamontagne-Godwin said. “In spite of their many roles and responsibilities in the field, women have minimal roles in decision-making due to existing cultural norms.”

In his study, Lamontagne-Godwin interviewed 116 (of which five were women) extension workers in the Punjab province of Pakistan to highlight the inequality of information access by farmers as they are to contribute to the wider gender inequality debate.

He found that male extension workers view male and female farmers’ access to information significantly differently. They believe male farmers accessed all 16 information sources (including public extension services and agro-dealers), while they thought female farmers accessed three sources only – such as their female neighbours and friends.

Lamontagne-Godwin added, “Recent initiatives to improve gender unequal access to agricultural information have been clumsy, overlooking participatory approaches that focus on transformative change.

“What my study showed was that women’s access to extension services does not become a priority for a predominantly male extension workforce. Men and women’s views reflect the socio-cultural norms they adhere to, and the conscious bias/preferences in accessing specific information sources at convenient locations.

“Future rural advisory service initiatives can suggest concrete approaches to align gender-specific responses, improving gender awareness in public sector activities, and leading to overall women’s empowerment.”

He said further qualitative studies, focusing exclusively on the differences between farmer and extension worker perceptions, would be of great benefit in order to ‘gain a significantly better understanding of the socio-cultural norms influencing their perceptions.’

Full paper reference

J. Lamontagne-Godwin, S. Cardey, F. E. Williams, P. T. Dorward, N. Aslam & M. Almas (2019) Identifying gender-responsive approaches in rural advisory services that contribute to the institutionalisation of gender in Pakistan, The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, DOI: 10.1080/1389224X.2019.1604392

Funding

This research is funded and supported by UK Department for International Development (DfID – UK aid), Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC – Direktion für Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit), European Commission (DG DEVCO), Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS – Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken), Irish Aid, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR).